How to Cite

The form of citations differs from style to style (for example, APA, MLA or CMS), so students should consult the particular style manual to be certain to follow the guidelines. Online guides are widely available. The Purdue University Writing Lab provides an extensive repository of information on how and when to use citations and how to do each style.

Citations are generally of two sorts: 1) “in text citation” and 2) citation using footnotes or endnotes.

Citation examples:

o Footnotes and endnotes are usually used with the typical numerical superscript method (superscript = a small number above the other text). The number “points to” a corresponding number in a footnote or an endnote, which contains the appropriate bibliographic details. Below is an example:

o Below are examples of APA parenthetical citation:

For more detailed information, check the sources below. Both books shown below discuss the reasons for citations, mechanics of citation methods, and the nature of the various citation styles. The Purdue Online Writing Lab has lots of good information and links. Study these sources and you will understand the process of citation.

1) Jeffrey, Robin. About Writing: A Guide. Portland OR: Open Oregon Educational Resources, n.d. (oer)

2) Guptil, Amy. Writing in College: From Competence to Excellence. Brockport, NY: The College at Brockport, SUNY, 2016. (oer)

3) Purdue Online Writing Lab

a. MLA Guide

b. APA Guide

c. CMS Guide

4) The Online Writing Lab (OWL) of Excelsior University is also very good:
https://owl.excelsior.edu/